Effects of Management on Arthropod Communities in Organic and Conservation Agricultural Systems in Pennsylvania and Mexico
Open Access
- Author:
- Rivers, Ariel N
- Graduate Program:
- Entomology
- Degree:
- Doctor of Philosophy
- Document Type:
- Dissertation
- Date of Defense:
- January 08, 2016
- Committee Members:
- Mary Ellen Barbercheck, Dissertation Advisor/Co-Advisor
Edwin George Rajotte, Committee Member
John Frazier Tooker, Committee Member
William Curran, Committee Member - Keywords:
- cover crops
arthropods
organic agriculture
conservation agriculture
biological control
Mexico
reduced tillage
corn - Abstract:
- Conservation agriculture, a system relying on crop rotations, mulch, and minimal soil disturbance, is widely recognized for benefits to soil quality, stabilizing crop yields, and altering plant-insect interactions. In particular, each of these practices affects the soil-dwelling arthropod assemblage in a particular way by influencing the microenvironment at the soil surface, with potential consequences for predatory and pest arthropods. To better understand the effects of conservation agriculture practices on local arthropod assemblages, biological control potential, and crop damage, here I compare two North American conservation agriculture cropping systems: a soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and corn (Zea mays L.) rotation grown under organic management in central Pennsylvania, U.S.A, and a rotation of corn and wheat in central Mexico. In both systems, primary inversion tillage was reduced compared to conventional practices for the area. In Pennsylvania, the cash crops were no-till planted into a rolled cover crop mulch of either hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) and triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) planted together preceding corn, or cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) preceding soybean. Additionally, in Pennsylvania, the cover crops were managed by a roller-crimper at three dates (early, middle, or late) relative to standard dates for the area to allow for cash crop planting. In Mexico, the cash crops were planted into the previous years’ crop residue, which was cut and left in the field after harvest. In both systems, we measured arthropod activity-density by pitfall trap, biological control potential (predation) by implementing sentinel traps baited with live waxworms (Galleria mellonella F.), density of herbivorous arthropods at the soil surface, and damage by herbivorous invertebrates to the cash crops. Predatory arthropods in particular were affected by the conservation agriculture practices in both systems, with the type of residue affecting the activity-density, diversity, and function of particular predators, including ground and tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in Pennsylvania, and ants in Mexico (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Predation rates were relatively high in both systems, with differences within systems depending on year, crop, and residue. Herbivore density and plant damage also depended on crop, but lower herbivore density correlated with higher predator activity-density in Pennsylvania. Likewise, certain types of crop damage, in particular cutting by lepidopteran larva, decreased with increased activity-densities of predatory arthropods. In Pennsylvania in particular, certain practices had a stronger influence on results than others; for instance, predatory arthropod activity-density was significantly greater in corn planted into a rolled mat of hairy vetch-triticale as compared to soybean planted into a rolled mat of cereal rye. In contrast, shallow high residue cultivation in corn and soybean was not a strong factor influencing the local arthropod assemblage at the time we sampled in Pennsylvania. The comparison of these two systems allows for an opportunity to understand the complexities of conservation agriculture and the potential for this system to conserve and augment predatory arthropods while contributing to pest control in low-input agricultural systems in North America.