Quasi-Static and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Dry and Epoxy-Impregnated Carbon Nanotube Yarns
Restricted (Penn State Only)
- Author:
- Dyer, William
- Graduate Program:
- Engineering Science and Mechanics (MS)
- Degree:
- Master of Science
- Document Type:
- Master Thesis
- Date of Defense:
- June 24, 2022
- Committee Members:
- Albert Segall, Program Head/Chair
Charles E Bakis, Thesis Advisor/Co-Advisor
Namiko Yamamoto, Committee Member
Edward Smith, Committee Member - Keywords:
- Carbon nanotube yarn
Epoxy-impregnated carbon nanotube yarn
CNT yarn
Mechanical testing
Dynamic mechanical analysis - Abstract:
- Composites, especially carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites, are a popular material choice for aerospace structures because of their light weight combined with high strength and stiffness. One such application is carbon/epoxy rotorcraft blades. However, higher damping is needed in these composite blades for next-generation rotorcraft with increased speed capability. Research suggests that adding carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to the matrix of a carbon/epoxy composite can increase the damping properties without sacrificing the other desirable properties of the material. However, adding CNTs to composites poses many challenges, as dispersing loose CNTs evenly throughout epoxy is very difficult. As a result, research has been conducted into embedding different condensed forms of CNTs into composites. One of these material forms is CNT yarns. While some studies have been conducted on composites with embedded CNT yarns, less research exists on the properties of CNT yarns alone. In this investigation, the quasi-static and dynamic mechanical properties of Miralon® CNT yarns with and without an infiltrated epoxy binder, such as elastic modulus (E), ultimate tensile strength, strain to failure, storage modulus (E’), loss modulus (E”), and loss factor (tan δ), were explored through tensile tests, compression tests, and dynamic mechanical analysis. The mass density of dry CNT yarn was determined by two different methods, leading to two different measures of yarn cross-sectional area. These two measured yarn areas were subsequently used for determining tensile stress and volume fraction of CNTs in epoxy-impregnated specimens. From quasi-static tensile tests using an area derived from ethanol immersion testing, dry yarn was observed to have an elastic modulus of 149 GPa and an ultimate tensile strength of 1.25 GPa, while impregnated yarn had a modulus of roughly 55 GPa and a strength of 0.75 GPa. Impregnated yarn tensile properties did not vary appreciably with two investigated matrix moduli. Dry and impregnated yarns exhibited a ratcheting mechanism, where permanent strain is accumulated with repeated load cycling. In compression testing, impregnated yarns did not exhibit visually or electrically detectable failure up to about 2.5% strain, although more investigation is needed to determine actual failure strain. Through dynamic mechanical analysis, it was shown that both dry and impregnated yarns exhibited high damping, with average initial tan δ values of 0.110 and 0.0953, respectively. With continued cycling and increased strain, the storage modulus of resin-saturated yarns increased by 336%, while loss factor decreased by 36%. As a result, dry and impregnated yarns exhibited quasi-static and dynamic properties that were highly sensitive to loading history. Finally, various micromechanical methods were used to model impregnated yarn modulus. Assuming perfect bond and infinite CNT length, using a simple rule of mixtures gave an overestimation, although when voids were accounted for the result was within 2.4% of the experimental modulus. Short-fiber models predicted CNT aspect ratios far smaller than expected, suggesting that the model assumptions of perfect bond and/or alignment may not be appropriate.